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Reference architectures (FREE SELF)

The GitLab Reference Architectures have been designed and tested by the GitLab Quality Engineering and Support teams to provide recommended deployments at scale.

Available reference architectures

The following Reference Architectures are available as recommended starting points for your environment.

The architectures are named in terms of user count, which in this case means the architecture is designed against the total load that comes with such a user count based on real data along with substantial headroom added to cover most scenarios such as CI or other automated workloads.

However, it should be noted that in some cases, known heavy scenarios such as large monorepos or notable additional workloads may require adjustments to be made.

For each Reference Architecture, the details of what they have been tested against can be found respectively in the "Testing Methodology" section of each page.

GitLab package (Omnibus)

Below is a list of Linux package based architectures:

Cloud native hybrid

Below is a list of Cloud Native Hybrid reference architectures, where select recommended components can be run in Kubernetes:

Before you start

The first choice to consider is whether a Self Managed approach is correct for you and your requirements.

Running any application in production is complex, and the same applies for GitLab. While we aim to make this as smooth as possible, there are still the general complexities. This depends on the design chosen, but typically you'll need to manage all aspects such as hardware, operating systems, networking, storage, security, GitLab itself, and more. This includes both the initial setup of the environment and the longer term maintenance.

As such, it's recommended that you have a working knowledge of running and maintaining applications in production when deciding on going down this route. If you aren't in this position, our Professional Services team offers implementation services, but for those who want a more managed solution long term, it's recommended to instead explore our other offerings such as GitLab SaaS or GitLab Dedicated.

If Self Managed is the approach you're considering, it's strongly encouraged to read through this page in full, in particular the Deciding which architecture to use, Large monorepos and Additional workloads sections.

Deciding which architecture to use

The Reference Architectures are designed to strike a balance between two important factors--performance and resilience.

While they are designed to make it easier to set up GitLab at scale, it can still be a challenge to know which one meets your requirements.

As a general guide, the more performant and/or resilient you want your environment to be, the more complex it is.

This section explains the designs you can choose from. It begins with the least complexity, goes to the most, and ends with a decision tree.

Expected Load (RPS)

The first thing to check is what the expected load is your environment would be expected to serve.

The Reference Architectures have been designed with substantial headroom by default, but it's recommended to also check the load of what each architecture has been tested against under the "Testing Methodology" section found on each page, comparing those values with what load you are expecting against your existing GitLab environment to help select the right Reference Architecture size.

Load is given in terms of Requests per Section (RPS) for each endpoint type (API, Web, Git). This information on your existing infrastructure can typically be surfaced by most reputable monitoring solutions or in some other ways such as load balancer metrics. For example, on existing GitLab environments, Prometheus metrics such as gitlab_transaction_duration_seconds can be used to see this data.

Standalone (non-HA)

For environments serving 2,000 or fewer users, we generally recommend a standalone approach by deploying a non-highly available single or multi-node environment. With this approach, you can employ strategies such as automated backups for recovery to provide a good level of RPO / RTO while avoiding the complexities that come with HA.

*[RTO]: Recovery time objective *[RPO]: Recovery point objective

With standalone setups, especially single node environments, there are various options available for installation and management including the ability to deploy directly via select cloud provider marketplaces that reduce the complexity a little further.

High Availability (HA)

High Availability ensures every component in the GitLab setup can handle failures through various mechanisms. However, to achieve this is complex and the environments required can be sizable.

For environments serving 3,000 or more users we generally recommend that a HA strategy is used as at this level outages have a bigger impact against more users. All the architectures in this range have HA built in by design for this reason.

Do you need High Availability (HA)?

As mentioned above, achieving HA does come at a cost. The environment requirements are sizable as each component needs to be multiplied, which comes with additional actual and maintenance costs.

For a lot of our customers with fewer than 3,000 users, we've found a backup strategy is sufficient and even preferable. While this does have a slower recovery time, it also means you have a much smaller architecture and less maintenance costs as a result.

In general then, we'd only recommend you employ HA in the following scenarios:

  • When you have 3,000 or more users.
  • When GitLab being down would critically impact your workflow.

Scaled-down High Availability (HA) approaches

If you still need to have HA for a lower number of users, this can be achieved with an adjusted 3K architecture.

Zero Downtime Upgrades

Zero Downtime Upgrades are available for standard Reference Architecture environments with HA (Cloud Native Hybrid is not supported). This allows for an environment to stay up during an upgrade, but the process is more complex as a result and has some limitations as detailed in the documentation.

When going through this process it's worth noting that there may still be brief moments of downtime when the HA mechanisms take effect.

In most cases the downtime required for doing an upgrade shouldn't be substantial, so this is only recommended if it's a key requirement for you.

Cloud Native Hybrid (Kubernetes HA)

As an additional layer of HA resilience you can deploy select components in Kubernetes, known as a Cloud Native Hybrid Reference Architecture. For stability reasons, stateful components such as Gitaly cannot be deployed in Kubernetes.

This is an alternative and more advanced setup compared to a standard Reference Architecture. Running services in Kubernetes is well known to be complex. This setup is only recommended if you have strong working knowledge and experience in Kubernetes.

GitLab Geo (Cross Regional Distribution / Disaster Recovery)

With GitLab Geo, you can achieve distributed environments in different regions with a full Disaster Recovery (DR) setup in place. GitLab Geo requires at least two separate environments:

  • One primary site.
  • One or more secondary sites that serve as replicas.

If the primary site becomes unavailable, you can fail over to one of the secondary sites.

This advanced and complex setup should only be undertaken if DR is a key requirement for your environment. You must also make additional decisions on how each site is configured, such as if each secondary site would be the same architecture as the primary, or if each site is configured for HA.

Large monorepos / Additional workloads

If you have any large monorepos or significant additional workloads, these can affect the performance of the environment notably and adjustments may be required depending on the context.

If either applies to you, it's encouraged for you to reach out to your Customer Success Manager or our Support team for further guidance.

Cloud provider services

For all the previously described strategies, you can run select GitLab components on equivalent cloud provider services such as the PostgreSQL database or Redis.

For more information, see the recommended cloud providers and services.

Decision Tree

Below you can find the above guidance in the form of a decision tree. It's recommended you read through the above guidance in full first before though.

%%{init: { 'theme': 'base' } }%%
graph TD
   L0A(<b>What Reference Architecture should I use?</b>)
   L1A(<b>What is your <a href=#expected-load-rps>expected load</a>?</b>)

   L2A("Equivalent to <a href=3k_users.md#testing-methodology>3,000 users</a> or more?")
   L2B("Equivalent to <a href=2k_users.md#testing-methodology>2,000 users</a> or less?")

   L3A("<a href=#do-you-need-high-availability-ha>Do you need HA?</a><br>(or Zero-Downtime Upgrades)")
   L3B[Do you have experience with<br/>and want additional resilience<br/>with select components in Kubernetes?]

   L4A><b>Recommendation</b><br><br>3K architecture with HA<br>and supported reductions]
   L4B><b>Recommendation</b><br><br>Architecture closest to user<br>count with HA]
   L4C><b>Recommendation</b><br><br>Cloud Native Hybrid architecture<br>closest to user count]
   L4D>"<b>Recommendation</b><br><br>Standalone 1K or 2K<br/>architecture with Backups"]

   L0A --> L1A
   L1A --> L2A
   L1A --> L2B
   L2A -->|Yes| L3B
   L3B -->|Yes| L4C
   L3B -->|No| L4B

   L2B --> L3A
   L3A -->|Yes| L4A
   L3A -->|No| L4D
   L5A("<a href=#gitlab-geo-cross-regional-distribution-disaster--recovery>Do you need cross regional distribution</br> or disaster recovery?"</a>) --> |Yes| L6A><b>Additional Recommendation</b><br><br> GitLab Geo]
   L4A ~~~ L5A
   L4B ~~~ L5A
   L4C ~~~ L5A
   L4D ~~~ L5A

   L5B("Do you have <a href=#large-monorepos>Large Monorepos</a> or expect</br> to have substantial <a href=#additional-workloads>additional workloads</a>?") --> |Yes| L6B><b>Additional Recommendation</b><br><br> Contact Customer Success Manager or Support]
   L4A ~~~ L5B
   L4B ~~~ L5B
   L4C ~~~ L5B
   L4D ~~~ L5B

classDef default fill:#FCA326
linkStyle default fill:none,stroke:#7759C2

Requirements

Before implementing a reference architecture, refer to the following requirements and guidance.

Supported CPUs

These reference architectures were built and tested on Google Cloud Platform (GCP) using the Intel Xeon E5 v3 (Haswell) CPU platform as a lowest common denominator baseline (Sysbench benchmark). Newer, similarly-sized CPUs are supported and may have improved performance as a result.

ARM CPUs are supported for Linux package environments as well as for any Cloud Provider services where applicable.

NOTE: Any "burstable" instance types are not recommended due to inconsistent performance.

Supported disk types

As a general guidance, most standard disk types are expected to work for GitLab, but be aware of the following specific call outs:

  • Gitaly requires at least 8,000 input/output operations per second (IOPS) for read operations, and 2,000 IOPS for write operations.
  • We don't recommend the use of any disk types that are "burstable" due to inconsistent performance.

Outside the above standard, disk types are expected to work for GitLab and the choice of each depends on your specific requirements around areas, such as durability or costs.

Supported infrastructure

As a general guidance, GitLab should run on most infrastructure such as reputable Cloud Providers (AWS, GCP, Azure) and their services, or self managed (ESXi) that meet both:

  • The specifications detailed in each reference architecture.
  • Any requirements in this section.

However, this does not constitute a guarantee for every potential permutation.

See Recommended cloud providers and services for more information.

Large Monorepos

The reference architectures were tested with repositories of varying sizes that follow best practices.

However, large monorepos (several gigabytes or more) can significantly impact the performance of Git and in turn the environment itself. Their presence, as well as how they are used, can put a significant strain on the entire system from Gitaly through to the underlying infrastructure.

WARNING: If this applies to you, we strongly recommended referring to the linked documentation as well as reaching out to your Customer Success Manager or our Support team for further guidance.

As such, large monorepos come with notable cost. If you have such a repository we strongly recommend the following guidance is followed to ensure the best chance of good performance and to keep costs in check:

  • Optimize the large monorepo. Using features such as LFS to not store binaries, and other approaches for reducing repository size, can dramatically improve performance and reduce costs.
  • Depending on the monorepo, increased environment specifications may be required to compensate. Gitaly in particular will likely require additional resources along with Praefect, GitLab Rails, and Load Balancers. This depends notably on the monorepo itself and the usage against it.
  • When the monorepo is significantly large (20 gigabytes or more) further additional strategies maybe required such as even further increased specifications or in some cases a separate Gitaly backend for the monorepo alone.
  • Network and disk bandwidth is another potential consideration with large monorepos. In very heavy cases, it's possible to see bandwidth saturation if there's a high amount of concurrent clones (such as with CI). It's strongly recommended reducing full clones wherever possible in this scenario. Otherwise, additional environment specifications may be required to increase bandwidth, but this differs between cloud providers.

Additional workloads

These reference architectures have been designed and tested for standard GitLab setups with good headroom in mind to cover most scenarios.

However, additional workloads can multiply the impact of operations by triggering follow-up actions. You may need to adjust the suggested specifications to compensate if you use, for example:

As a general rule, you should have robust monitoring in place to measure the impact of any additional workloads to inform any changes needed to be made. It's also strongly encouraged for you to reach out to your Customer Success Manager or our Support team for further guidance.

No swap

Swap is not recommended in the reference architectures. It's a failsafe that impacts performance greatly. The reference architectures are designed to have memory headroom to avoid needing swap.

Praefect PostgreSQL

Praefect requires its own database server and that to achieve full High Availability, a third-party PostgreSQL database solution is required.

We hope to offer a built-in solution for these restrictions in the future. In the meantime, a non-HA PostgreSQL server can be set up using the Linux package as the specifications reflect. Refer to the following issues for more information:

Recommended cloud providers and services

NOTE: The following lists are non-exhaustive. Generally, other cloud providers not listed here likely work with the same specs, but this hasn't been validated. Additionally, when it comes to other cloud provider services not listed here, it's advised to be cautious as each implementation can be notably different and should be tested thoroughly before production use.

Through testing and real life usage, the Reference Architectures are validated and supported on the following cloud providers:

Reference Architecture GCP AWS Azure Bare Metal
Linux package 🟢 🟢 🟡1 🟢
Cloud Native Hybrid 🟢 🟢
  1. We only recommend smaller setups (up to 2k) at this time on Azure due to performance issues at larger scales. See the Recommendation Notes for Azure section for more info.

Additionally, the following cloud provider services are validated and supported for use as part of the Reference Architectures:

Cloud Service GCP AWS Bare Metal
Object Storage 🟢   Cloud Storage 🟢   S3 🟢   MinIO
Database 🟢   Cloud SQL 🟢   RDS
Redis 🟢   Memorystore 🟢   ElastiCache

Recommendation notes for the database services

When selecting to use an external database service, it should run a standard, performant, and supported version.

If you choose to use a third party external service:

  1. Note that the HA Linux package PostgreSQL setup encompasses PostgreSQL, PgBouncer and Consul. All of these components would no longer be required when using a third party external service.
  2. The number of nodes required to achieve HA may differ depending on the service compared to the Linux package and doesn't need to match accordingly.
  3. However, if Database Load Balancing via Read Replicas is desired for further improved performance it's recommended to follow the node count for the Reference Architecture.
  4. If GitLab Geo is to be used the service will need to support Cross Region replication

Recommendation notes for the Redis services

When selecting to use an external Redis service, it should run a standard, performant, and supported version.

Redis is primarily single threaded. For the 10,000 user and above Reference Architectures, separate out the instances as specified into Cache and Persistent data to achieve optimum performance at this scale.

Recommendation notes for Object Storage

GitLab has been tested against various Object Storage providers that are expected to work.

As a general guidance, it's recommended to use a reputable solution that has full S3 compatibility.

Unsupported database services

Several database cloud provider services are known not to support the above or have been found to have other issues and aren't recommended:

Recommendation notes for Azure

Due to performance issues that we found with several key Azure services, we only recommend smaller architectures (up to 2k) to be deployed to Azure. For larger architectures, we recommend using another cloud provider.

In addition to the above, you should be aware of the additional specific guidance for Azure:

Deviating from the suggested reference architectures

As a general guideline, the further away you move from the reference architectures, the harder it is to get support for it. With any deviation, you're introducing a layer of complexity that adds challenges to finding out where potential issues might lie.

The reference architectures use the official Linux packages or Helm Charts to install and configure the various components. The components are installed on separate machines (virtualized or bare metal), with machine hardware requirements listed in the "Configuration" column and equivalent VM standard sizes listed in GCP/AWS/Azure columns of each available reference architecture.

Running components on Docker (including Docker Compose) with the same specs should be fine, as Docker is well known in terms of support. However, it is still an additional layer and may still add some support complexities, such as not being able to run strace easily in containers.

Unsupported designs

While we endeavour to try and have a good range of support for GitLab environment designs, there are certain approaches we know definitively not to work, and as a result are not supported. Those approaches are detailed in the following sections.

Stateful components in Kubernetes

Running stateful components in Kubernetes, such as Gitaly Cluster, is not supported.

Gitaly Cluster is only supported on conventional virtual machines. Kubernetes enforces strict memory restrictions but Git memory usage is unpredictable, which can cause sporadic OOM termination of Gitaly pods, leading to significant disruptions and potential data loss. For this reason and others, Gitaly is not tested or supported in Kubernetes. For more information, see epic 6127.

This also applies to other third-party stateful components such as Postgres and Redis, but you can explore other third-party solutions for those components if desired such as supported Cloud Provider services unless called out specifically as unsupported.

Autoscaling of stateful nodes

As a general guidance, only stateless components of GitLab can be run in Autoscaling groups, namely GitLab Rails and Sidekiq.

Other components that have state, such as Gitaly, are not supported in this fashion (for more information, see issue 2997).

This also applies to other third-party stateful components such as Postgres and Redis, but you can explore other third-party solutions for those components if desired such as supported Cloud Provider services unless called out specifically as unsupported.

Spreading one environment over multiple data centers

Deploying one GitLab environment over multiple data centers is not supported due to potential split brain edge cases if a data center were to go down. For example, several components of the GitLab setup, namely Consul, Redis Sentinel and Praefect require an odd number quorum to function correctly and splitting over multiple data centers can impact this notably.

For deploying GitLab over multiple data centers or regions we offer GitLab Geo as a comprehensive solution.

Validation and test results

The Quality Engineering team does regular smoke and performance tests for the reference architectures to ensure they remain compliant.

Why we perform the tests

The Quality Department has a focus on measuring and improving the performance of GitLab, as well as creating and validating reference architectures that self-managed customers can rely on as performant configurations.

For more information, see our handbook page.

How we perform the tests

Testing occurs against all reference architectures and cloud providers in an automated and ad-hoc fashion. This is done by two tools:

Network latency on the test environments between components on all Cloud Providers were measured at <5 ms. This is shared as an observation and not as an implicit recommendation.

We aim to have a "test smart" approach where architectures tested have a good range that can also apply to others. Testing focuses on a 10k Linux package installation on GCP as the testing has shown this is a good bellwether for the other architectures and cloud providers as well as Cloud Native Hybrids.

The Standard Reference Architectures are designed to be platform-agnostic, with everything being run on VMs through the Linux package. While testing occurs primarily on GCP, ad-hoc testing has shown that they perform similarly on hardware with equivalent specs on other Cloud Providers or if run on premises (bare-metal).

Testing on these reference architectures is performed with the GitLab Performance Tool at specific coded workloads, and the throughputs used for testing are calculated based on sample customer data. Select the reference architecture that matches your scale.

Each endpoint type is tested with the following number of requests per second (RPS) per 1,000 users:

  • API: 20 RPS
  • Web: 2 RPS
  • Git (Pull): 2 RPS
  • Git (Push): 0.4 RPS (rounded to the nearest integer)

How to interpret the results

NOTE: Read our blog post on how our QA team leverages GitLab performance testing tool.

Testing is done publicly, and all results are shared.

The following table details the testing done against the reference architectures along with the frequency and results. Additional testing is continuously evaluated, and the table is updated accordingly.

table.test-coverage td { border-top: 1px solid #dbdbdb; border-left: 1px solid #dbdbdb; border-right: 1px solid #dbdbdb; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbdbdb; } table.test-coverage th { border-top: 1px solid #dbdbdb; border-left: 1px solid #dbdbdb; border-right: 1px solid #dbdbdb; border-bottom: 1px solid #dbdbdb; }
Reference
Architecture		 GCP (* also proxy for Bare-Metal) AWS Azure
Linux package Cloud Native Hybrid Linux package Cloud Native Hybrid Linux package
1k Weekly
2k Weekly Planned
3k Weekly Weekly
5k Weekly
10k Daily Weekly Weekly Weekly
25k Weekly
50k Weekly

Cost to run

As a starting point, the following table details initial costs for the different reference architectures across GCP, AWS, and Azure through the Linux package.

NOTE: Due to the nature of Cloud Native Hybrid, it's not possible to give a static cost calculation. Bare-metal costs are also not included here as it varies widely depending on each configuration.

Reference
Architecture		 GCP AWS Azure
Linux package Linux package Linux package
1k Calculated cost Calculated cost Calculated cost
2k Calculated cost Calculated cost Calculated cost
3k Calculated cost Calculated cost Calculated cost
5k Calculated cost Calculated cost Calculated cost
10k Calculated cost Calculated cost Calculated cost
25k Calculated cost Calculated cost Calculate cost
50k Calculated cost Calculated cost Calculated cost

Maintaining a Reference Architecture environment

Maintaining a Reference Architecture environment is generally the same as any other GitLab environment is generally covered in other sections of this documentation.

In this section you'll find links to documentation for relevant areas as well as any specific Reference Architecture notes.

Upgrades

Upgrades for a Reference Architecture environment is the same as any other GitLab environment. The main Upgrade GitLab section has detailed steps on how to approach this.

Zero-downtime upgrades are also available.

NOTE: You should upgrade a Reference Architecture in the same order as you created it.

Scaling an environment

Scaling a GitLab environment is designed to be as flexible and seamless as possible.

This can be done iteratively or wholesale to the next size of architecture depending on your circumstances. For example, if any of your GitLab Rails, Sidekiq, Gitaly, Redis or PostgreSQL nodes are consistently oversaturated, then increase their resources accordingly while leaving the rest of the environment as is.

If expecting a large increase in users, you may elect to scale up the whole environment to the next size of architecture.

If the overall design is being followed, you can scale the environment vertically as required.

If robust metrics are in place that show the environment is over-provisioned, you can apply the same process for scaling downwards. You should take an iterative approach when scaling downwards to ensure there are no issues.

Scaling from a non-HA to an HA architecture

While in most cases vertical scaling is only required to increase an environment's resources, if you are moving to an HA environment, there may be some additional steps required as shown below:

Conversely, if you have robust metrics in place that show the environment is over-provisioned, you can apply the same process for scaling downwards. You should take an iterative approach when scaling downwards, however, to ensure there are no issues.

Monitoring

There are numerous options available to monitor your infrastructure, as well as GitLab itself, and you should refer to your chosen monitoring solution's documentation for more information.

Of note, the GitLab application is bundled with Prometheus as well as various Prometheus compatible exporters that could be hooked into your solution.